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Landscape-scale wildlife species richness metrics to inform wind and solar energy facility siting: An Arizona case study

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Landscape-scale wildlife species richness metrics to inform wind and solar energy facility siting: An Arizona case study

Energy Policy

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Abstract

The juxtaposition of wildlife and wind or solar energy facility infrastructure can present problems for developers, planners, policy makers, and management agencies. Guidance on siting of these renewable energy facilities may help identify potential wildlife-facility conflicts with species of regulatory or economic concern. However, existing spatial guidance usually does not consider all wildlife that might use a potential facility location or corridors for its servicing infrastructure. We illustrate an approach toward assessing potential wildlife-facility conflicts using readily available vertebrate habitat models. The U.S. Geological Survey’s Gap Analysis Program (GAP) has developed spatial models of potential habitat for vertebrate species across the entire nation. To illustrate their applicability, we used GAP models to estimate richness of all native, terrestrial vertebrates within Arizona and for those vertebrates grouped by class or by sensitivity to the type of facility infrastructure. We examined the spatial overlap of high species richness of each group with agency-developed guidance used to inform facility-siting decisions and found that GAP-based richness mappings augmented existing guidance. As the GAP vertebrate habitat models are publicly available for the entire USA, use of these data can provide a coarse view of potential wildlife-facility conflicts and inform facility planning early in the process.

Study Area

Additional publication details

Publication type:
Article
Publication Subtype:
Journal Article
Title:
Landscape-scale wildlife species richness metrics to inform wind and solar energy facility siting: An Arizona case study
Series title:
Energy Policy
DOI:
10.1016/j.enpol.2018.01.052
Volume:
116
Year Published:
2018
Language:
English
Publisher:
Elsevier
Contributing office(s):
Southwest Biological Science Center
Description:
8 p.
First page:
145
Last page:
152
Country:
United States
State:
Arizona

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COMMUNITY GUIDELINES. Follow all general Reddit Rules. Submissions must be in English. Your post will be deleted if your reddit title is …

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FRESNO, Calif. (KFSN) —

An eyesore of garbage has collected right next to the future high-speed rail corridor in downtown Fresno. Among the trash are stacks of solar panels that may have been illegally dumped.

These panels, once a symbol for purifying our energy, now represent a growing pollution problem.

The state of California says almost every single solar panel has some kind of toxic heavy metal in them, like lead, arsenic, or cadmium. They say to check with the manufacturer to check exactly what’s in yours.

We tried checking the panels down by the HSR construction site, but they are so old the manufacturers have all been out of business for more than a decade.

Hazardous waste experts say heavy metals don’t pose much of an immediate hazard, but extended exposure can lower energy levels and damage the functioning of the brain, lungs, kidneys, liver, and other organs.

“At the end of the day they do require special management, so you don’t get the heavy metals through breakage and other things, getting into the environment,” said Rick Brausch of the state Department of Toxic Substances Control.

There’s definitely breakage in the stacks we found. Homeless people scavenged the recyclable pieces and used the panels to build little homes.

OK Produce installed the panels in 2003, making it one of the first California businesses to go solar.

The High-Speed Rail Authority took possession of the property and demolished the building in June 2017. A spokesperson tells Action News they’ve stored the panels here ever since.

“Right now, what I’d say is that from what you described, there’s a potential hazardous waste violation going on,” Brausch said.

He says state law limits this type of hazardous waste storage to 90 days.

This apparent violation may be just the tip of the toxic iceberg because you can’t dispose of solar panels in California landfills.

“So what’s happening is, we are seeing panels either stacking up, or we are seeing them go to places like Nevada where the regulations are different, and they just dump them in the ground,” said Sam Vanderhoof, a solar installer who has opened a business to recycle solar, Recycle PV.

Solar experts say installations really took off starting in 2010, and panels typically perform well for 25 years, so they won’t be a significant waste stream for another 15 years. But, weather damage and people replacing their panels with newer, more efficient models could accelerate the timeline.

(Copyright ©2018 KFSN-TV. All Rights Reserved.)

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The forecast is slightly solar for Frankfort’s energy future.

The Frankfort Plant Board may be adding solar power to its portfolio if a proposal to purchase a small amount through the Kentucky Municipal Energy Agency (KyMEA) passes muster.

On Tuesday, the directors of the Frankfort Plant Board voted 3-2 to use consultant Energy & Environmental Economics (E3) to vet a proposed power-purchase agreement procured through KyMEA, of which FPB is a member.

For over a year KyMEA has been soliciting and weighing offers from renewable-energy providers to help balance its coal-heavy energy portfolio. At present, the municipal utility consortium’s portfolio consists of a 10-year deal to buy 100 megawatts of capacity from Big Rivers Electric Co. (BREC), a three-year deal to buy 100 MW of capacity from Joppa, Illinois-based Dynegy and a 10-year deal to buy 90 MW of capacity from Paducah Power System. BREC and Joppa derive their power from coal, while Paducah does so from natural gas, say KyMEA’s consultants.

In October, KyMEA said it had narrowed the list of contenders to five solar power finalists, ranging in capacity from 25 MW to 50 MW. That list that has since been whittled to one. KyMEA board members will vote on whether to go with that supplier in August.

On Tuesday, FPB directors bickered late into the evening over whether to continue using E3, which is based in San Francisco, to vet KyMEA agreements and over whether a consultant is necessary at all. Last June, E3 Director Michele Chait presented an analysis that was highly critical of FPB’s signed agreements of KyMEA.

“We keep paying E3 to criticize us — to criticize our Kentucky organization and Kentucky cities and what they’ve agreed,” said board member Ralph Ludwig, noting that FPB had paid E3 close to $65,000 so far.

Vice Chair Walt Baldwin, who has led the effort to revisit the KyMEA agreements, disagreed. He noted that fellow KyMEA member Owensboro Municipal Utilities has so far opted not to buy power through the agency and pointed to the critical analyses of “internationally recognized” consulting companies and law firms.

“All of those folks agreed that it was higher cost, higher risk and reduced local control,” said Baldwin.

Some board members, including Dawn Hale, have called into question the independence of E3’s analysis after emails revealed that Baldwin stayed in near-daily contact with E3. Baldwin asked the consultant to consider pointed questions, made suggestions and served as the conduit through which most of the data that E3 considered passed.

The board ultimately voted 3-2 Tuesday to allow E3 to use up to $5,300 — the amount remaining in FPB’s budget for E3’s work — to vet the solar power agreement, as long as all communication with the consultant goes through interim General Manager David Denton. Ludwig and Hale voted against the motion.

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Elsevier

Available online 17 July 2018

Renewable Energy

Highlights

A model of PV adoption in Qatar is proposed as a case study for the Gulf Region.

The model evaluates PV adoption under diverse regulatory and incentive scenarios.

The falling cost of PV has the strongest impact on PV adoption.

Energy subsidy cuts and a utility tariff for citizens further promote PV adoption.

A carbon tax can also play a role in accelerating PV adoption, if above $8/tCO2e.

Abstract

We present an agent-based model for residential model adoption of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems in the state of Qatar as a case study for the Arabian Gulf Region. Agents in the model are defined as households. The objective of the model is to evaluate PV adoption across households under diverse regulatory and incentive scenarios determined by home ownership status, the falling cost of PV, the reduction of electricity subsidies, the introduction of a carbon tax, and the diffusion of renewable energy innovation. Our study suggests that Qatar’s residential PV adoption is strongly promoted by the falling cost of PV and can be further facilitated through the reduction of electricity subsidies and the extension of the electricity tariff to Qatari households, which are currently exempt. The introduction of a carbon tax can also play a role in accelerating residential PV adoption, if above $8 per metric ton of carbon dioxide equivalent. The ensuing PV adoption rates would help facilitate the national targets of 2{0b7da518931e2dc7f5435818fa9adcc81ac764ac1dff918ce2cdfc05099e9974} electricity production from solar energy by 2020 and 20{0b7da518931e2dc7f5435818fa9adcc81ac764ac1dff918ce2cdfc05099e9974} by 2030.

Keywords

Solar energy adoption

Renewable energy policy

Renewable energy economics

Residential photovoltaic systems

Agent-based modeling

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© 2018 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

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MOULTONBOROUGH — The sun is Earth’s silent energy source and the New Hampshire Electric Cooperative’s new solar farm is a silent and efficient energy producer for part of the state.

Situated on 12 acres carved out of a 65-acre wooded parcel far off the Moultonborough Neck Road is a vast array of solar panels converting the sun’s rays into enough energy to power 600 homes.

“There’s no noise, no moving parts, and no maintenance,” says Gary Lemay, the Co-op’s renewable energy engineer as he looks over the multimillion-dollar facility that is now in its seventh month of producing clean energy and helping to reduce the cost of providing power to customers of the member-owned utility.

“Now you’ll see the Co-op’s biggest secret,” Co-op Communications Administrator Seth Wheeler chuckled as he opened the access gate off Hanson Road for a visitor. Truth be told, more deer, which inhabit the nearby woods, have seen the state’s largest solar farm than humans who live on Moultonborough Neck. The solar farm cannot be seen from any roads, and since it is surrounded by 40-plus acres of swamp, wetlands and woods, even for its nearest neighbors it’s out of sight.

The total cost to build the facility was $5 million. Construction began in January 2017, when the site was cleared of trees, and concluded last December.

The 7,200 panels together produce about 3.3 million kilowatt-hours of electricity a year. The juice makes a journey from the solar farm along a transmission line to the Co-op substation a third of a mile away on Moultonborough Neck Road, from where it is distributed to the utility’s customers.

While the solar facility produces only a small fraction — between 1 and 2 percent — of the utility’s peak power demand, the Co-op sees the benefits of its only commercial generating facility as twofold. First: It is a new source of dependable renewable energy for the next 30 years or more. Second: It provides significant savings on what the utility would otherwise have to pay to purchase power off the regional power grid, especially during the peak time between 5-8 p.m.

The Moultonborough project’s output is expected to save the Co-op more than $280,000 per year in costs it would otherwise incur to purchase and deliver the same energy at wholesale from sources outside its system. After factoring in the cost of construction and the expected savings, the power from the project is expected to immediately have a net cost similar to that for conventionally produced power imported by the Co-op from the regional market.

This price stability is important to the Co-op. “We know what this power will cost,” Lemay said. By comparison, the price for wholesale power purchased off the New England power grid can fluctuate widely.

The facility also generates Renewable Energy Certificates which the Co-op can use either to meet its requirements under the state’s Renewable Portfolio Standard or can sell to other electricity providers. The certificates — or Green Tags — represent proof that 1 megawatt-hour of electricity was generated from a renewable energy resource and was fed into the shared system of power lines which transport energy to the general public.

“This was a big job for the Co-op,” Lemay said. He said that the utility is now looking at the possibility of installing storage batteries at the site to store power until it is most needed at times of peak power demand.

Whether the Co-op might build other solar facilities remains to be seen and the lead time for such facilities is considerable. Planning for the Moultonborough facility took three years and construction took another year.

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As summer heats up a lot of homeowners are out into the yard and garden, soaking up the sun’s rays. Something else is taking in the rays in a big way right now: your neighbor’s solar panels. Although they function all year, just to be clear, the longer days mean more electricity production and lower utility bills. If you’ve been glancing up at those panels with envy in your heart, maybe it’s time to get your own mini electricity plant.

Depending on where you live, getting started with green energy can be a simple process with a range of providers to choose between. You should still learn as much as you can before choosing a system.

Solar Panels and Green Energy 101: Start Here

Before you dive head-first into a solar system, we want to give you a bit of a primer so you know what you’re looking at when you see it. Pretty much everyone knows that solar panels somehow make sun into electricity, but that may be the end of their knowledge base.

What’s actually happening inside is that the sun’s rays are being captured by special solar cells and converted into DC electricity. Just how that all works and what you need to make it happen is more of a mystery. Luckily, you don’t have to be a scientist to choose a good system.

Solar Panel Materials

Not every solar system is the same, which is why they vary in price so much. See, solar cells can be made from one of two main materials: monocrystalline silicon and polycrystalline silicon (thin film options are also becoming more widely available, but the adoption rate is low due to high cost). The first one, monocrystalline silicon is a more expensive, but more effective, solution. You’re gonna get more juice out of this material per square foot. That matters a lot when you have limited space on your roof to place panels.

Polycrystalline silicon is meant for areas with more space to spread out, like solar farms (or even dairy farms). But, the larger surface area means more maintenance, more chances of failure and so forth. For your house, focus your efforts on monocrystalline silicon if you’re serious about green energy.

Configuring Your Panels

Although there’s a very clear answer for the materials that should be inside your solar panels, how to configure them from there is a bit more open. You should really think about what it is you want your solar array to do before committing to a setup. These are your primary options:

Photovoltaic Direct. Unless you’re only going to use it for a single application that you do during the day, configuring an array as photovoltaic direct doesn’t make much sense. Basically, this is the kind of solar power that’s on your calculator (remember those?). It’s on-demand and when there’s no light to use, there’s no juice.

Off-Grid. Mountain Men and vacationers alike can take advantage of off-grid photovoltaic systems. These are systems that aren’t hooked up to the grid (hence the name), but are sufficient to provide your entire power needs. Used in conjunction with a battery bank for those long, dark nights, an off-grid system can make sense for temporary setups (like your RV) or very remote ones (that cabin way up on the hillside).

Grid-Tied with Battery Backup. After coming back to civilization, you may want to consider a grid-tied photovoltaic system with a battery backup. This way, you kind of have your cake and eat it, too. You store your own power, but you can also pull from the grid if you don’t make enough. You’ll be able to use these systems in an outage, since you’ve stored some electricity. Once the batteries are used up, though, karaoke party time is over. That aside, metering techniques have changed enough that it may be more cost effective to chuck the battery bank.

Batteryless Grid-Tied. Most systems today will be batteryless grid-tied photovoltaic. Essentially, your solar energy goes into your house, whatever needs to be used in that moment is sucked up by your TV and your fridge and so forth, then it travels out of your house to the grid. Your electric meter keeps track of how much electricity is leaving your house, as well as how much is coming back in during the night when you’re not generating any of your own juice. The only real downside to these systems is that they cannot act as an electricity backup in case of a power outage.

Getting the Most Out of Solar

Not all areas of the country are a good fit for solar, no matter how much you may want them to be. In fact, not even every house in an area generally believed to be good for solar is good for solar, so it pays to do a little legwork here before getting too emotionally invested. And by little, go to Google’s Project Sunroof and type in your address. It’ll do the rest.

Of course, having a house that’s awesome for solar is just the first step. There are several things you should do before making the leap to get the most out of the sun, including:

Weatherproofing your house. All those tiny leaks and the lack of insulation in the attic can impact how much you really benefit from solar in a big way. Because your air conditioning or heat is going to be influenced by those points, it’s a good idea to start by weatherproofing your home, no matter the season. Do it tight, do it right.

Upgrading the windows. Normally, if windows are opening and closing safely, they’re basically good. But when you’re talking about squeezing every cent out of your pricey solar panels, a window (and other glass panels like patio doors) upgrade is a great idea. Look for a low U-factor, indicating a tightly constructed window. Solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC) is another story. If you’re trying to use passive solar heat with your active solar panels, choose a high rating. If you’re trying to stay cool, or at least prevent outside heat from coming in unauthorized, go with a lower number. Your local window experts should be able to advise you on what’s best for your location.

Investing in Energy Star appliances. Energy Star appliances have long been the standard for efficiency. When you see an Energy Star tag, you know you’re looking at a washing machine, dryer, microwave, refrigerator or whatnot that’s among the most efficient in the market. If your new solar panels are trying to power your 50 year old refrigerator, you’re wasting an awful lot of power for nothing. Upgrade that fridge right away (they have some new ones with really cool features like on-door touchscreens and cameras that can show you what you forgot to get at the market)!!

Planting trees and bushes strategically. This is another one of those “depending on where you live” suggestions, unfortunately. In some areas, you simply can’t grow a tree tall enough to shade problematic parts of your home, for example, but maybe you can grow a taller bush to shade your air conditioner condenser from the heat of the summer so it works more efficiently. Grow all the things, but nothing too big too close to the house.

A Note on Solar Panel Financing

When you’re looking to pay for these fancypants solar panels of yours, there are plenty of options. There are a lot in most states, including rebates and grants, so seriously, go find a good loan.

Find a Pro to Help You Design the Perfect Solar Arrangement

Although some brave homeowners have configured their own solar systems over the years, the inspection requirements are getting more complicated as more people are adopting these systems. It’s usually worth it to hire a pro, since besides avoiding the hassle, you’ll also avoid penalties for installing one without a permit if you didn’t realize you needed one and the headache of having to give it two or three goes to get the system right. There’s no shame in it, not everyone can know the secrets of solar energy.

When you’re ready to reach out to a pro, just pop into your HomeKeepr community and send up a flag. I have already recommended plenty of pros who can help you with various home projects, including solar panel design and placement. Click here for additional information from the City of Portland.

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Elsevier

Available online 17 July 2018

Nano Energy

Highlights

Composite magnetic-plasmonic Fe3O4/TiN nanofluids are designed and prepared.

Such nanofluids consisting of Janus type of nanoparticles exert full-spectrum solar absorption.

The nanofluids have tunable properties by adjusting an external magnetic field.

Abstract

The concept of Janus nanoparticle stimulates plenty of efforts to taking advantage of optical characteristics of different materials. In this paper, we design and prepare the photonic nanofluids composed of Janus type of magnetic-plasmonic Fe3O4/TiN nanoparticles. Instead of the limited absorption property of single material, by making use of both the localized surface plasmon resonance of TiN in visible wavelength and the high absorption of Fe3O4 in near-infrared wavelength, the prepared nanofluid can realize the full-spectrum absorption of incident solar energy. In addition, since Fe3O4 has magnetism and the distribution of magnetic nanomaterials in fluid can be controlled with an external magnetic field, the as-prepared nanofluids have tunable optical and thermal properties. This work provides a new strategy to utilize the full-spectrum solar energy and control the photo-thermal performance of nanofluids.

Keywords

Janus nanoparticle

photonic nanofluid

magnetism

plasmonic

full-spectrum absorption

photo-thermal conversion

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J. Zeng received his B.E. (2014) in Nanjing University of Science and Technology and is currently a Ph.D. student in School of Energy and Power Engineering at Nanjing University of Science and Technology. His current research is mainly about the utilization of nanofluids in solar energy harvest.

Y.M. Xuan received his B.E. (1982) in Harbin Institute of Ship Engineering, M.E. (1984) in Nanjing Institute of Technology and D.E. (1991) in Helmut-Schmidt University in Germany. He is a professor of School of Energy and Power Engineering in Nanjing University of Science and Technology. His current interests include solar energy utilization, micro/nano scale radiative heat transfer, thermal control system, and nanofluids.

© 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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