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Fossil fuels are a non-renewable resource, unable to replenish themselves in meaningful human timeframes at a sufficient rate. As they are also the main source of energy for the entire world, scientists have worked tirelessly to find cost-effective alternatives to these fossil fuels as a way to generate electricity. In recent years almost twenty percent of the global energy consumption could be attributed to these renewable resources. However, despite the potential it has as a replacement for oil and natural gas, solar energy only accounts for a fraction of that percentage.

In simple terms, solar power is conversion of energy from light emitted by the sun into electricity we can use. This can be done in two primary ways. The first method to convert solar energy into electric energy is the use of the photovoltaic effect. The photovoltaic effect is the process by which certain materials, when exposed to light, begin to channel an electric current. This happens when the material (usually a metal) absorbs light, causing an electron within it to reach a higher-energy state. This causes different parts of the metal to have different amounts of electrical energy. This difference in energy levels, known as a gradient, leads to the flow of energy from areas where there is more of it to those where it is lacking. The devices that take advantage of this effect to produce and store electricity are known as photovoltaic cells.

The second way that the energy of sunlight is converted into electricity is called concentrated solar power or CSP. Concentrated solar power is the process by which mirrors and lenses are used to focus gathered sunlight on a limited area, producing large amounts of heat. This gathered thermal energy causes water in the area to boil, creating steam that moves a traditional turbine engine. The engine is then used to generate electricity.

Both of these methods have unique benefits and downsides to their use, and as a result there is a lot of work being done to perfect hybrid systems. These hybrid systems would use both methods of gathering solar energy, increasing efficiency and energy storage alike. Photovoltaic cells take up significantly less amounts of space than their CSP counterparts, and are in many ways simpler to construct. Furthermore, they do not require moving parts or frequent maintenance. They are commonly used on spacecraft for these reasons.

On the other hand, concentrated solar power is in some ways superior to photovoltaic cells. They convert sunlight into usable energy with significantly more efficiency and have longer lifetimes. Also, they are able to store thermal energy very well, which allows them to keep producing electricity for twenty-four hours a day. Photovoltaics are only effective during daylight hours.

Advances in the technology used to produce solar energy are causing the price of creating and operating these devices to go down. As a result, solar energy is swiftly gaining popularity across the globe. Someday soon, every building will have solar panels on the roof. As the technology improves and prices lower, many experts expect solar energy to become the primary source of electricity for the global population.

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Mogadishu (AFP) – Starting a dairy in Mogadishu was not an obvious choice: Islamist bombs go off with startling regularity, electricity is patchy and expensive and most Somalis don’t even drink fresh cow’s milk.

But Abdulkadir Mohamed Salad, 40, who spent most of his life as a refugee in Britain where he worked for a dairy, is convinced the business can work in his home country, where cattle abound yet tonnes of powdered milk are imported every year.

“It is very difficult to invest in a hostile environment like Somalia in the first place and secondly, people here know very little about the dairy business,” Salad told AFP at his small factory, where a stainless steel machine pumped milk into blue sachets.

As a result of unsanitary handling of milk in the past, many in the country believe that cow’s milk is dangerous for their health and prefer to drink camel milk or powdered milk.

Salad left his country shortly after the fall of president Siad Barre’s military regime in 1991 which plunged Somalia into civil war and anarchy, destroying state institutions and the economy.

He worked as a taxi driver before getting a job at a dairy in Leicester. His wife and three children remained behind in the United Kingdom as he returned to try and start a business in his home country.

– Wasted resources –

Surprised by the amount of cattle in the country, and the fact that aside from a few farmers selling raw, untreated milk, there was no proper factory treating the product, he and two colleagues decided to set up their own, called Irman Dairy, in 2017.

“Livestock is one of the economic resources of Somalia … but tonnes of powdered milk are imported every year while our resources are wasted here, and few are benefiting,” said Salad.

Located in southern Mogadishu, Irman has to contend with the constant security challenges in the capital, which affects both production and distribution.

The city is hit by regular car and suicide bombings by the Al-Qaeda-linked Shabaab Islamist group which has been fighting to overthrow the government for over a decade.

Sometimes their small distribution van, brightly painted with a giant cow on the side, returns without having delivered anything, due to road closures when there is an attack or security concerns.

“There are days when we don’t start the factory because of the security situation in town, this affects our business since we have staff and need to pay their salaries and other administration costs,” said Salad.

“The production capacity of our factory is 10,000 litres per day, but we can only produce 2,000 litres a day currently because of constraints, including the lack of a market,” he said.

The factory’s owners have on several occasions considered throwing in the towel, especially because of the high cost of electricity.

However, this problem was solved when the company received a donation of a solar energy system under a US-funded project to encourage entrepreneurship.

“We are very lucky that we got the solar system to run the factory now, otherwise we could have closed it down because energy is big issue here,” said Salad.

– ‘I really like it’ –

Irman distributes to various supermarkets in the city, selling each 500-millilitre sachet of milk for one dollar.

“Some members in my family think fresh cow milk is not good for your health and they instead consume powdered milk,” said Abdirahman Ali, who was buying a sachet at a local supermarket.

“But for the past few months I have been using the milk produced by Irman Dairy and I really like it, now my whole family has grown to like it.”

Sayid Ali, who owns a supermarket in Mogadishu said he was happy to finally have locally produced milk on his shelves.

“We used to sell milk from various brands imported from outside the country but now we also have Irman Dairy produced locally, the number of people who are interested is also increasing,” he said.

Despite being one of the most dangerous capitals in the world, new businesses have been popping up all over Mogadishu in recent years with both local traders and members of the diaspora opening supermarkets and small factories.

Most commodities are imported.

“The government needs to encourage local production otherwise there will not be local investors like the Irman Dairy, my family is now using this fresh milk which I know is coming from our local cows,” said Omar Ahmed, a Somali politician.

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It’s not easy for a freshman legislator from the minority party to get a bill passed. But in his first stint in the Florida House of Representatives, David Silvers did just that. More than once.

He sponsored a bill to cut down on the inhumane practice of sending children to psychiatric facilities via the Baker Act; incorporated into another bill, it was signed by Gov. Rick Scott into law in 2017.

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He co-sponsored a bill that requires a pharmacist to register the filling of an opioid prescription by the end of the business day in which the medication is provided so people can’t go pharmacy shopping; that bill, too, was approved by the governor in 2017.

And he sponsored another bill, signed by the governor this year, that allows high school students to receive credit for pre-apprenticeship and apprenticeship programs that prepare them for the workforce.

If only for these successes, Silvers deserves another term. The Post endorses him in the Democratic primary for House District 87, a jigsaw-puzzle shaped square of central Palm Beach County stretching from the southwest section of West Palm Beach down to the suburbs west of Lake Worth.

Silvers is challenged by Edgardo Hernandez, 32, an attorney who runs his own practice in Palm Springs. Campaigning, in English and Spanish, he is trying to reach voters whom he says have been neglected.

“It feels like if you don’t have money and you’re not wealthy, you’re ignored, and that’s how a lot of people in my community feel,” he told the Post Editorial Board.

Hernandez’ platform includes abolishing private prisons, raising the minimum wage, expanding access to health care, boosting solar energy, fighting for affordable housing, tightening gun regulations and increasing education funding.

Silvers, 39, president of a Boca Raton book development and licensing business, is outspending Hernandez by nearly 20-to-1 and has amassed a daunting list of endorsements.

If given a second term, he says he would concentrate on mental health issues, particularly those affecting children, which, if left unaddressed, can create serious problems in adulthood. He pledges to push for funds to put a full-time mental health counselor in every Florida school and to mandate a mental-health curriculum.

Silvers also lists affordable housing and education reform as key issues. Saying he was powerfully affected by meeting with parents of slain students at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School, he backs strengthening the state’s gun laws.

***

Read all of The Post’s endorsements online at www.MyPalmBeachPost.com/2018-endorsements.








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HUMANKIND HAS been harnessing the power of wind since the first time a boat was fitted with a sail. Since the late 1800s, people have been using wind to feed power into the electric grid. Today, sailing ships are a historical curiosity — but global wind generation capacity exceeds half a million megawatts. Offshore wind accounts for nearly 9,000 megawatts — enough energy to power 2.2 million homes. Yet so far, the United States can claim almost none of it.

We hope to change that soon.

Dominion Energy has set course for a massive new expansion of solar and wind energy. Under the provisions of the Grid Transformation and Security Act, which Gov. Ralph Northam signed into law in March, we have committed to putting 3,000 megawatts of new solar and wind generation — enough to power 750,000 homes — under development or in operation by the beginning of 2022, making Virginia a national leader in green energy.

We already have filed a request with Virginia’s State Corporation Commission to add 240 megawatts of solar energy in Virginia.

On Friday, we asked the SCC to approve an exciting offshore wind project — and we marked the occasion with an event with our Danish-based partner, Ørsted Energy, at the Nauticus Maritime Museum in Norfolk.

The Coastal Virginia Offshore Wind pilot program would place two six-megawatt wind turbines 27 miles out to sea — and generate enough power to serve 3,000 customers.

If the SCC approves our request, we hope to begin construction next spring. This demonstration project would be only the second offshore wind development in the nation. (The first, off the coast of Rhode Island, began commercial operation in December 2016.) It would be the first such project owned by an electric utility, and the first to be built in a federal lease area.

The pilot project will give us the operational weather and environmental experience needed for large-scale development. We have leased more than 112,000 acres from the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management. Current estimates suggest the area off Virginia’s coast could supply up to 2,000 megawatts of energy from wind — enough to power 500,000 homes.

Harnessing that energy will help us continue along a trajectory we set many years ago. Over the past two decades, we have cut our carbon intensity — the ratio of carbon dioxide released to energy produced — in half. We intend to raise that figure to 60 percent by 2030. While the United States accounts for less than a fifth of world carbon dioxide emissions, and Dominion Energy accounts for only a fraction of that, we are still responsible for what we do generate — and for doing something about it.

That is why the Integrated Resource Plan we filed with the SCC three months ago makes a commitment: Our company “will continue moving toward cleaner, more efficient and lower emitting ways of generating, delivering, storing, and transporting energy.” Renewable energy will play a major role in achieving that goal. We already have more than 1,350 megawatts of solar — enough to power almost 340,000 homes on a sunny day — either in operation or under development in Virginia and North Carolina.

Now, under the auspices of the Grid Transformation and Security Act, we are adding offshore wind. The Coastal Virginia Offshore Wind demonstration project is a common element in every one of the five potential scenarios considered in the IRP.

It has taken an immense amount of work to get here. We started seven years ago — testing new technologies, obtaining regulatory approvals, and analyzing everything from ocean currents to whale migration patterns. Offshore wind development presents serious technical and logistical challenges. But it also offers distinct advantages.

Offshore wind tends to operate at higher capacities because of stronger winds, for example — meaning it can replace more fossil-fuel generation. It’s also good for wildlife: Research suggests that birds are adept at avoiding offshore wind farms.

And at 27 miles out to sea, our turbines would be out of sight to people on the shore — giving a wide berth not only to the local tourism industry but also to precious natural resources such as tidal wetlands and oyster reefs.

For decades, Dominion Energy’s mandate has been to meet the public’s need for power at a moment’s notice — safely, reliably and affordably. We also strive to do so sustainably, because we have a duty to future generations. So we have pledged to deliver cleaner, renewable energy to our customers.

We set sail some time ago and are well on our way. With the launching of the Coastal Virginia Offshore demonstration project, we now have the wind at our backs.

Tom Farrell is chairman, president and CEO of Dominion Energy.

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THOMASVILLE — The Board of Planning and Adjustment in Thomasville voted Tuesday to approve an amendment to the city’s table of permitted uses to allow for the construction and operation of a solar power generation facility.

A second vote Tuesday will also allow a request by Duke Energy, which is seeking to construct a solar farm on 204 Idol Drive, to be heard by city council. Residents who own property near the proposed site turned up Tuesday to protest the location of a potential solar farm, but were informed the board primarily wanted to amend the city’s ordinances to allow for the possibility.

City Attorney Paul Mitchell clarified for those in attendance that the two actions were just the first two steps in a very lengthy process, which must make its way to the council before any other action is taken.

“At this stage, they’ve still got to have a special plan, with pictures and all that,” Mitchell said. “We’re going to have a public hearing to let people come back and say, ‘It’s too close to this, it’s too close to that.’ They’ll also have a map, a diagram and a drawing of how big it’s going to be, how big the buffers are. The beauty of a conditional use is there’s give and take with the buffers.

“If there’s 38 people that don’t like it, but there’s a way that they can tweak it to make enough of y’all happy, to where this board and the city council is happy, then they’ll approve it with those changes.”

Justin LaRoche, representing Duke Energy, presented to board members information about the corporation’s plan for a facility prior to the board’s approval of a conditional use. In response to negative feedback from residents, LaRoche echoed Mitchell’s thoughts in acknowledging the give-and-take of a process that will likely necessitate several other meetings.

“Duke Energy is committed to continuing to work with stakeholders, including (representatives) from the city, the community and adjacent property owners who may be impacted,” LaRoche said. “We’re more than happy to engage with those folks about access and view, etc.”

The proposal by Duke Energy calls for the transformation of a 300-acre plot of land belonging to Baptist Children’s Home to be the site of this facility. City Manager Kelly Craver said last week that Duke Energy is required by both state and federal law to generate a certain percentage of its energy from a renewable source. The corporation either buys power from a corporate solar farm or constructs one itself.

City officials recently visited a similar facility in Mocksville, which is situated on 100 acres of land in Davie County. Craver said a provision for solar farms did not exist in the city’s ordinance because it had not previously been requested. He also said city officials have done their diligence in seeking a sufficient buffer zone for the proposed location.

One of the reasons Craver said Duke Energy is requesting the tract on Baptist Children’s Home Road involves the use of an electric substation already on the property. With a substation already on the property, the company would not have to build a new one.

In discussing a possible timetable, Craver said Duke Energy officials indicate that if approved by council, construction could begin sometime in 2019. A project of this nature is typically completed in nine months.

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Keep coal, nuclear as options for electricity

In the article in the July 22 Vindicator – “Killing Coal” – Bill Siderewicz of Clean Energy Future was concerned about recent discussions by President Donald Trump on supporting coal and nuclear electric generation. It would “send companies such as his running from Ohio” and “shatter Ohio’s competitive energy market.”

Why just Ohio? His plant will sell into the PJM power distribution market, which has 13 states and the District of Columbia.

The vast majority of electricity being used by all of these people comes from three almost equal electric-generation sources – nuclear, coal and natural gas. Currently there is no heavy reliance on only one fuel source. Could you imagine if we were too heavily vested in only natural gas to make most of our electricity?

If an extremely cold winter would hit or a major gas transmission pipeline were forced to shut down, the demand for natural gas would soar and so would its cost or, worse yet, we could experience electrical shortages perhaps causing brownouts.

It’s reassuring having alternate sources of electrical production like coal and nuclear to keep the overall price to customers stable and reliable.

As for environmental concerns, only nuclear energy comes without leaving a global-warming carbon footprint. Both gas and coal plants are fossil-fuel based.

As for jobs, it doesn’t take too many permanent employees to operate and maintain a gas pipeline and a gas power plant (maybe 30 people) as opposed to mining and delivering coal via trucks, railroad or barges and then operating an equivalent-sized coal plant (over 100 people I am sure). I certainly hate to see even more good-paying industrial jobs eliminated.

As a final overall thought, it’s understandable why a gas-plant operator such as Mr. Siderewicz would want to eliminate as much of the competition from coal as possible. The president of a gas-generation business should indeed try to increase his market share and hence profitability. But is it all that bad that we continue to use coal, nuclear and natural gas to provide our electric?

Joe Dulovich, Boardman

It really makes no sense to bail out coal industry

With regard to the article, “Killing Coal – Proposed energy policy could derail plans in Lordstown,” in the July 22 Vindicator, I have some thoughts.

When someone who voted for President Trump reacts to one of his policies by saying “this is so un-American,” you know it is truly a misstep. That is what Bill Siderewicz, president of Clean Energy Future, said about the Trump administration’s attempts to subsidize and bail out the failing coal industry.

The problem with bailing out coal is that it’s bound to continue to fail. No matter how much money President Trump throws at the coal industry, it’s still predicted to continue losing market share. Meanwhile, renewable energy is continuing to grow.

A report by Environment Ohio, says Ohio went from generating 1 GWh of solar energy and 15 GWh of wind energy in 2008 to 260 GWh of solar energy and 1,563 GWh of wind energy in 2017. With technological advances making wind and solar more efficient and affordable, this growth is inevitable.

Not only does renewable energy make sense to invest in economically, but it will also provide public-health and environmental benefits by reducing air pollution from burning fossil fuels.


U.S. Sens. Sherrod Brown and Rob Portman should listen to business owners in Ohio, like Siderewicz, and listen to predictions by economists, not coal lobbyists. They should fight the Trump administration’s current agenda and make smart, long-term investments in the growing renewable energy industry for Ohio and the rest of the United States.

Nancy Goodes, Columbus

Goodes is campaign organizer for Environment Ohio.

Privatizing water service can produce foul results

It’s unfortunate that Campbell City Council President George Levendis supports selling Campbell’s water plant to Aqua Ohio. No matter the results of the repair assessment, the city must be up-front about the risks and consequences of privatizing public water. If Campbell surrenders control of the water system to Aqua Ohio, that ultimately means local elected officials will have relinquished their ability to regulate rate increases.

A Food & Water Watch survey of the 500 largest water systems in the country found that in Ohio, people who are served by privately-owned water utility systems typically pay nearly twice as much as households with publicly owned water services. That 72 percent increase means $216 a year more out of households’ paychecks.

Corporations often charge more for worse service. They may cut corners, respond slowly to service requests or let existing infrastructure deteriorate in order to improve their short-term profits. When companies have monopolies on water service, there is little incentive to keep costs down.

These corporations are accountable to shareholders, not ratepayers, and make decisions according to what is best for the bottom line, not the public good.

Regional collaboration through a public-public partnership (PUPs) is the better option. In contrast to privatization, PUPs bring together public officials, workers and communities to provide better service for all users more efficiently. It means a more responsible, reliable, and most importantly, cost-effective system that allows communities to retain local control.

Water is a human right, and that means maintaining a water system that provide clean, affordable water and nothing less.

Amara Vogt, Chicago

Vogt is an organizing intern for Food & Water Watch.

Sexting reform should not be legislative priority

It was very unfor- tunate to read The Vindicator editorial (“Ohio Senate Should Act to Approve Sexting Bill,” July 23, 2018) pushing Ohio’s juvenile sexting bill, as that opinion mirrors the same misguided, counterproductive thinking continually coming from our Statehouse.

It is true prosecutors may, if they so wish, charge juveniles with serious sex offenses for engaging in sexting. I have no doubt most Ohioans oppose such harsh measures for youthful indiscretions. As a purported “solution,” House Bill 355 creates the brand new criminal offense, “Possession of Sexually Explicit Digital Material,” a first-degree misdemeanor.

HB 355 also establishes a court diversion program where those convicted of this new crime may receive education as to the consequences of sexting. If they complete the program, charges are dropped. However, absolutely nothing in HB 355 requires prosecutors or courts to utilize this proposed law or the diversion program as alternatives to the felony offense. They would only be options.

If legislators are so concerned about kids receiving harsh punishments for this behavior, the best path is to simply pass a bill removing such power – whether a felony or misdemeanor – from prosecutors and courts.

Likewise, any positive benefits from educating Ohio’s youth about problems arising from sexting do not require kids first getting busted for these actions. Believe it or not, such educational efforts already exist, and have nothing to do with the criminal justice system. Ohio legislators should work to expand these programs.

Sure, juvenile sexting raises some concerns. But HB 355 also begs the question of why Ohio politicians think they need to pass any laws to punish two 17-year-olds in a consensual relationship who send nude pictures to each other. Given Ohio’s numerous challenges, House Bill 355 is not how our elected officials should spend their time and energy.

Gary Daniels, Columbus

Daniels is chief lobbyist for the American Civil Liberties Union of Ohio.



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Great pyramid of Giza's shape can focus energy through its chambers

Shrouded in rumors and legends, the pyramids at Giza, Egypt are the last remaining of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. Though the pyramids are one of the most recognizable symbols of the ancient Egyptian pharaohs, these immense, complex tombs were only built during distinct portions of the ancient Egyptian civilization.

Nw, scientists at the ITMO University along with the Laser Zentrum Hannover, conducted a new study on the great pyramid of Giza’s. They studied how the Great Pyramid would interact with electromagnetic waves of a proportional, or resonant, length.

Analyzing deep, their study suggests that the chambers inside the pyramid can concentrate electromagnetic energy. Under resonance conditions, the pyramid can concentrate electromagnetic energy both in its internal chambers and the area located under its base. The scientists initially evaluated that resonances in the pyramid can be instigated by radio waves with a length going from 200 to 600 meters. At that point, they made a model of the electromagnetic response of the pyramid and calculated the termination cross segment.

3D model of the pyramid. Credit: cheops.SU
3D model of the pyramid. Credit: cheops.SU

This value helps gauges which part of the incident wave energy resonant can be scattered or consumed by the pyramid under resounding conditions. At long last, for similar conditions, the researchers got the electromagnetic fields distribution inside the pyramid.

The Great Pyramid pulled in the analysts’ consideration while they were examining the collaboration amongst light and dielectric nanoparticles. The scattering of light by nanoparticles relies upon their size, shape, and refractive record of the source material. By changing these parameters, it is conceivable to decide the reverberation scrambling administrations and utilize them to create gadgets for controlling light at the nanoscale.

Polina Kapitanova
Polina Kapitanova

Andrey Evlyukhin, DSc, scientific supervisor and coordinator of the research said, “Egyptian pyramids have always attracted great attention. We as scientists were interested in them as well, and so we decided to look at the Great Pyramid as a particle resonantly dissipating radio waves.”

“Due to the lack of information about the physical properties of the pyramid, we had to make some assumptions. For example, we assumed that there are no unknown cavities inside, and the building material has the properties of an ordinary limestone and is evenly distributed in and out of the pyramid. With these assumptions, we obtained interesting results that can have important practical applications.”

Polina Kapitanova, Ph.D., an associate at the Faculty of Physics and Engineering of ITMO University said, “By choosing a material with suitable electromagnetic properties, we can obtain pyramidal nanoparticles with a potential for practical application in nanosensors and effective solar cells.”

The study is published in the Journal of Applied Physics, 20 July 2018.



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David and MichelleHill's  home received solar panel system with installation.
 
 

David and MichelleHill’s  home received solar panel system with installation.

 

 

A Greer veteran’s home was provided a solar panel system with installation from an upstate roofing company.

David Hill, a military veteran and his wife, Michelle are expected to save more than $1,000 annually in energy costs, according to Guy Roofing, the company that donated and installed the system.

“David’s parents became ill and he had to take twelve weeks of unpaid leave to take care of them,” said Jenna Grotler of Upstate Warrior Solution. “Through that hardship, the Hills weren’t able to take care of their bills. When Guy Roofing came to us with the idea of helping a veteran in need, we immediately thought of the Hills.”

The Hills said they feel fortunate to have been selected for the project when there are so many veterans in need in the community. “We’re so grateful for all the help that Guy Roofing and Upstate Warrior Solution has provided for us,” Hill said.

“We’re honored to be able to do this for someone who sacrificed so much for our country,” said Zeke Martin, director of sales.

 



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